Data & Sampling Methods
Foundations of statistical analysis, data structures, variable taxonomies, probability vs non-probability sampling designs, and sampling errors.
Descriptive Statistics & Data Distributions
Mathematical measures of central tendency, dispersion metrics, five-number summaries, outlier detection rules, skewness, and kurtosis.
Covariance & Correlation Analysis
Directional co-movement, normalized Pearson correlation coefficient, scale independence, multicollinearity diagnostics, and non-linear pitfalls.