Aggregations and Statistics
sum, mean, median, std and var; the axis argument; why NumPy and pandas disagree on std; and handling nan.
Descriptive statistics — centre, spread, and correlation.
View all tagssum, mean, median, std and var; the axis argument; why NumPy and pandas disagree on std; and handling nan.
Measuring whether two variables move together — the correlation scale, why covariance can't be compared, and what correlation misses.
Directional co-movement, normalized Pearson correlation coefficient, scale independence, multicollinearity diagnostics, and non-linear pitfalls.
Foundations of statistical analysis, data structures, variable taxonomies, probability vs non-probability sampling designs, and sampling errors.
Mean, median, mode, range, variance, standard deviation and quartiles — what each one tells you and when it misleads.
Mathematical measures of central tendency, dispersion metrics, five-number summaries, outlier detection rules, skewness, and kurtosis.
The EDA workflow — inspect, check for gaps, describe, count categories, group, and correlate.
Systematic methodology to plan, conduct, analyze, and interpret controlled tests, isolating factor effects, error variance, and causal interactions.